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Prevention and Cure Techniques of Main Diseases of Dongzao in Zhangzhou Region
In recent years, the old production areas of Dongzao have experienced severe plant diseases, which have significantly hindered the development of the winter jujube industry. To address this issue, the author conducted a comprehensive survey of the Dongzao orchards in Jixian, Mengcun, and Nanpi. The study identified several major diseases affecting the winter jujube trees, and based on these findings, appropriate prevention and control strategies have been proposed for the reference of local fruit farmers.
1. **Black Spot Disease**
Black spot is a widespread issue in all winter jujube growing regions, with an increasing trend in recent years. This disease primarily affects leaves before fruit set, then progresses to infect young fruits. Infected fruits develop dark brown, round lesions with or without a halo, sometimes causing slight indentations or rotting. Recent research suggests that the pathogen is linked to tobacco brown spot and bacterial infections. Black spot typically begins in late May and peaks in June, July, and August—when high temperatures and rainfall create ideal conditions for its spread. To manage it, farmers can use 1500-fold dilutions of "World High," 600-fold "Keke Kang," and 1500-fold "Amisida" solutions.
2. **Fruit Shrinking Disease**
This disease has become increasingly severe in recent years. Affected fruits show pale yellow halos on the shoulders and base, followed by sunken, dark red skin and soft, atrophic pulp. The condition usually occurs during the fruit's coloring stage when sugar content exceeds 18% and temperatures range between 23°C and 26°C. Rainy and foggy weather increases the risk. Early stages are often caused by fungi, while bacteria become more prevalent as the fruit matures. Controlling sucking pests like leafhoppers and stink bugs is crucial. In July, spraying a 1000-fold solution of "Green Hunt No. 6" every 8–10 days can achieve over 95% effectiveness. In August and September, insecticides such as "Kung Fu" combined with 3000-fold "Doprazole Alcohol" can also be effective. Adding boron fertilizer during flowering and using a mix of fungicides, bactericides, and insecticides from the early fruit stage can help manage the disease effectively.
3. **Fruit Rot Disease**
Caused mainly by fungi and bacteria, this disease manifests as either "black sorghum type" or "slump type." The peak infection period is from July to September, when high temperature and humidity promote its spread. Prevention should start in late June or early July. Spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl (800 times), 50% carbendazim (600 times), "Luoyang 1" (400–600 times), "Liweiwei" (1500 times), and Bordeaux mixture alternately can provide effective control.
4. **Anthrax Disease**
Also known as "burned eggplant" or "charred leaf" disease, it starts with small water-soaked spots that expand into yellow halos and eventually cause the fruit to turn brown or black. It commonly occurs during the shrinking fruit stage and spreads after mid-May rains. Treatments include 70% thiophanate-methyl (800 times), "Fuxing" (8000 times), polyoxoenamine (1000 times), and "Xiansheng" (600 times).
5. **Bitter Pit Disease**
This physiological disorder causes dark green or reddish irregular patches on the fruit surface, with necrotic flesh and slightly sunken areas. It results from calcium deficiency. Spraying 0.2% calcium nitrate, boron-zinc-calcium, or "US-Fruit Four-in-One" (Zhengzhou Jinxiu) during fruit growth can help prevent it.
6. **Cracking Disease**
A physiological issue, it occurs in the late fruit growth stage, especially after drought followed by sudden rain. To prevent cracking, farmers should spray anti-cracking agents 2–3 times before the fruit turns red. Supplementing calcium during the middle and late fruit stages, along with mulching and proper irrigation, can significantly reduce cracking.
7. **Ulcer Disease**
Caused by bacterial infection, it leads to red-brown depressions on the fruit surface, with yellow sticky rot and deepening lesions. Control methods include 77% "Killing WP" (600 times) and a mixture of agricultural streptomycin and ethyl allicin.
8. **Soft Rot Disease**
Infected fruits show irregular soft rot on the surface, with viscous internal rot and loss of moisture. The disease appears before and during fruit ripening. Treatment is similar to that of ulcer disease, focusing on timely application of bactericides.