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Prevention and Cure Techniques of Main Diseases of Dongzao in Zhangzhou Region
In recent years, the old production areas of Dongzao have faced severe disease problems, significantly hindering the development of the winter jujube industry. To address this issue, the author conducted a comprehensive survey of the Dongzao orchards in Jixian, Mengcun, and Nanpi, identifying several major diseases affecting the region. Based on these findings, effective prevention and control strategies are proposed for the reference of local fruit farmers.
1. **Black Spot Disease**
Black spot is prevalent across all winter jujube growing areas and has been increasing in severity. The disease primarily affects leaves before fruit setting, then progresses to infect young fruits. Affected fruits develop dark brown, round lesions with or without a halo, sometimes leading to slight indentation or rot. Recent studies indicate that the pathogen includes tobacco brown spot fungus and bacterial cultures. Infection typically begins in late May, peaks in June, July, and August—when temperatures are high and rainfall is frequent, creating ideal conditions for spread. Prevention methods include spraying 1500 times diluted "World High," 600 times "Kekang," and 1500 times "Amisida" solutions.
2. **Fruit Shrinking Disease**
This disease has become increasingly serious in recent years. Infected fruits show pale yellow halos on the shoulders and base, followed by sunken, dark red skin and soft, atrophic pulp. The disease usually occurs during the coloring stage of jujubes when sugar content exceeds 18% and temperatures range between 23°C and 26°C. Rainy and foggy weather further promotes its occurrence. Early infection is fungal, while later stages involve bacterial infections. To prevent this, it's essential to control pests like leafhoppers and stink bugs using insecticides. Spraying Green Hunt No. 6 at 1000 times dilution every 8–10 days can achieve over 95% control. Adding insecticides like Kung Fu (3000 times) in August and September, along with thiophanate-methyl and streptomycin sprays, can also be effective. Boron deficiency worsens the condition, so applying boron fertilizer during flowering and combining it with fungicides and bactericides from the early fruit stage helps manage the disease.
3. **Fruit Rot Disease**
Caused mainly by fungi and bacteria, this disease manifests as either "black sorghum type" or "slump type." The peak infection period is from July to September, when high humidity and temperature accelerate disease spread. Prevention should begin at the end of June or early July, using 70% thiophanate-methyl (800x), 50% carbendazim (600x), 400–600x Roulette 1, 1500x Liweiwei, and Bordeaux mixture. Alternating these treatments can effectively manage the disease.
4. **Anthrax Disease**
Also known as "burned eggplant disease" or "charred leaf disease," it starts with small water-soaked spots that turn reddish-brown and eventually cause the pulp to darken and sink. This disease often follows fruit shrinking and spreads after mid-May rains, with outbreaks occurring in late July and August. Control measures include 70% thiophanate-methyl (800x), Fuxing (8000x), polyoxoenamine (1000x), and Xiansheng (600x) sprays.
5. **Bitter Pit Disease**
This physiological disorder causes dark green or reddish irregular patches on the fruit surface, with necrotic flesh and slightly sunken areas. It results from calcium deficiency. Applying 0.2% calcium nitrate, boron-zinc-calcium mixtures, or US-Fruit four-in-one (Zhengzhou Jinxiu) during the fruit growth phase can help reduce symptoms.
6. **Cracking Disease**
A physiological issue, cracking commonly occurs in the late growth stage, especially after drought followed by sudden rain in early September. To prevent this, apply anti-cracking agents 2–3 times before fruit turns red. Supplementing calcium during the middle and late stages, combined with mulching and proper irrigation, can significantly reduce cracking.
7. **Ulcer Disease**
Caused by bacterial infection, this disease leads to red-brown depressions on the fruit surface, with yellow sticky rot and deeper tissue damage. Prevention involves spraying 77% mancozeb (600x) or a combination of agricultural streptomycin and ethyl allicin.
8. **Soft Rot Disease**
Infected fruits show irregular soft rot patches without sinking, with viscous rot under the cortex. The disease occurs before and during fruit ripening. Control methods are similar to those for ulcer disease, including the use of fungicides and bactericides.
By implementing these targeted prevention and treatment strategies, farmers can significantly improve the health and yield of their winter jujube crops.