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Winter warm greenhouse squash autumn and winter cultivation
In the greenhouse, the primary gases of concern include carbon dioxide (CO₂), ammonia (NH₃), and nitric acid gas (HNO₃). These gases can accumulate due to the high-density, enclosed conditions commonly used in industrialized citron cultivation. Under such environments, there is minimal air exchange, leading to a buildup of various gases that may affect plant health.
The photosynthetic activity, respiration, and microbial processes within the plants, along with the decomposition of organic matter, contribute to the fluctuation of CO₂ levels. During the night, CO₂ concentrations can rise to as high as 0.1%, while during the day, the presence of Toona sinensis (Chinese toon) reduces these levels through active photosynthesis. Normally, additional CO₂ supplementation is not required. However, when light intensity and duration are optimal, and temperatures range between 20°C and 25°C, increasing CO₂ levels can significantly enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of Toona sinensis. This leads to improved dry matter accumulation in axillary buds, resulting in higher yield and better quality of the crop.
Studies have shown that raising indoor COâ‚‚ levels to about 0.1% can boost axillary bud yield by 3 to 4 times, while an increase to 0.05% to 0.06% can result in a 1.2-fold improvement. In practical production, several methods are used to supplement COâ‚‚:
1. **Organic Fertilizer Decomposition**: Adding organic fertilizers to the fermentation shed enhances microbial activity, promoting the release of more COâ‚‚. When the organic material reaches peak decomposition, the COâ‚‚ concentration can be over 100 times higher than in the ambient air. This method is cost-effective and widely used, but it lacks precise control over the timing and amount of COâ‚‚ released.
2. **Ethanol Industry Byproducts**: Carbon dioxide from the ethanol fermentation process can be captured, liquefied, or compressed into solid form (dry ice) for use in greenhouses. While effective, this method requires specialized equipment.
3. **Combustion of Fuels**: Burning coal, coke, or biogas not only increases COâ‚‚ levels but also raises the temperature inside the greenhouse. This method is viable when fuel is available, though it also necessitates appropriate infrastructure.
4. **Chemical Reactions**: Using sulfuric acid to react with carbonate compounds can release COâ‚‚. Although this technique is currently applied in some farms, it requires specific devices and offers limited control over the gas output.
5. **COâ‚‚ Granule Fertilizer**: This slow-release fertilizer emits COâ‚‚ based on environmental conditions like light intensity. It is user-friendly, affordable, and provides a more consistent supply of COâ‚‚ compared to other methods.
In addition to COâ‚‚, the presence of ammonia and nitric acid gases in the greenhouse can be harmful to Toona sinensis. Therefore, careful management of fertilization is essential. It is recommended to use fully decomposed organic fertilizers as a base and apply top dressings in small amounts multiple times, combined with proper irrigation. Regular ventilation is also important to maintain a healthy growing environment, promote plant growth, and reduce potential losses.
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