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Winter warm greenhouse squash autumn and winter cultivation
In the greenhouse, the main gases present include carbon dioxide (CO₂), ammonia (NH₃), and nitric acid gas (HNO₃). These gases can accumulate due to limited air exchange, especially in high-density, confined environments where Toona sinensis is cultivated. The photosynthetic activity, respiration, and microbial processes of the plants, along with the decomposition of organic matter, contribute to the fluctuation of CO₂ levels inside the shed.
During the night, when photosynthesis stops, CO₂ concentrations can rise to as high as 0.1%. However, during the day, the presence of light enables photosynthesis, which significantly reduces CO₂ levels. Under normal growing conditions, additional CO₂ supplementation is usually unnecessary. But when light intensity and duration are optimal, and temperatures remain between 20°C and 25°C, increasing CO₂ levels can enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of Toona sinensis, leading to greater dry matter accumulation in axillary buds and improved yield and quality.
According to experimental data, raising COâ‚‚ levels to about 0.1% can increase axillary bud yields by 3 to 4 times, while a concentration of 0.05% to 0.06% can still boost yields by 1.2 times. In practical farming, several methods are commonly used for COâ‚‚ supplementation:
1. **Organic Fertilizer Decomposition**: Adding organic fertilizers to the shed enhances microbial activity and accelerates the breakdown of organic matter, releasing more COâ‚‚. Studies show that at peak decomposition, COâ‚‚ levels can be over 100 times higher than in the outside air. This method is cost-effective but lacks precision in controlling COâ‚‚ output and timing.
2. **Ethanol Industry Byproduct**: Carbon dioxide from the ethanol fermentation process can be captured, liquefied, or turned into dry ice for use in greenhouses. This method requires specialized equipment and is more efficient but also more expensive.
3. **Combustion of Fuels**: Burning coal, coke, or biogas not only increases COâ‚‚ levels but also raises temperature. While effective, it requires proper ventilation and monitoring to avoid harmful emissions.
4. **Chemical Decomposition**: Using carbonates like calcium carbonate and reacting them with sulfuric acid releases COâ‚‚. Though widely applied, this method needs careful control and specific devices to manage the gas release effectively.
5. **Carbon Dioxide Granule Fertilizer**: These granules slowly release COâ‚‚ based on environmental conditions, such as light intensity. This technique is user-friendly, affordable, and provides a steady supply of COâ‚‚ without the need for complex systems.
In addition to COâ‚‚, other harmful gases like ammonia and nitric acid can accumulate in industrial Toona cultivation. These gases can damage the plants and must be controlled through proper management practices. It is recommended to use well-rotted organic fertilizer as a base and apply top-dressing in small, frequent doses, combined with regular watering. Regular ventilation is essential to maintain air quality and reduce the risk of gas buildup. Effective water and fertilizer management supports healthy plant growth and minimizes losses.
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