Vegetable pods, scientifically known as *Oeobia undalis* (previously classified as *Phalaena undalis* or *Hellula undalis*), are also commonly referred to as cruciferous worms, radish sprout worms, and cabbage borers. These pests belong to the order Lepidoptera and the family Tortricidae. They primarily target cruciferous crops such as cabbages, mustard, radishes, and other root vegetables, causing significant damage to both seedlings and mature plants.
The larvae of these pests are particularly destructive. The first instar larvae feed on the tender heart and leaves of seedlings, spinning silk webs that can hinder growth. In severe cases, this can lead to seedling death and crop failure. Older larvae not only consume the leaves and heart but also bore into stems and roots, potentially spreading bacterial soft rot, which can cause entire plants to decay.
These pests are widespread across various vegetable-growing regions in China, with higher prevalence in radishes, cabbages, and mustard. Their life cycle varies by region, with 3 to 9 generations per year depending on the climate. In northern China, they typically overwinter as larvae, while in southern regions like Guangzhou, they remain active year-round without a true winter dormancy period. The population peaks during late summer to early autumn, especially when temperatures are high and dry, which favors their development.
Adults are small moths, ranging from brown to yellow-brown in color, with a body length of about 7 mm and a wingspan of 16–20 mm. The forewings feature three wavy grayish-white stripes and a black kidney-shaped spot surrounded by a pale halo. The mature larvae measure approximately 12 mm in length, with a yellowish-white to greenish body. They have five distinct longitudinal dark stripes along the back and numerous hairy tubercles on each body segment. These tubercles are arranged in a single row on most segments, except for the abdominal segments, where they form a double row.
In terms of behavior, the larvae are nocturnal and tend to hide within the plant tissue. They often spin silk to create shelters and feed on the inner parts of the plant, making detection difficult. When fully grown, they burrow into the soil near the base of the plant to pupate.
To manage infestations, several methods are recommended. Manual removal is effective when infestations are detected early—especially when seedlings show signs of webbing or feeding damage. Chemical control options include spraying insecticides such as 21% chlorpyrifos, 40% fenvalerate diluted at 5,000–6,000 times, or 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin at 4,000 times. Other effective options include 20% cypermethrin, 40% emulsifiable concentrate, 40% suspension concentrate, 50% phoxim, 50% bataan WP, 90% trichlorfon, 80% dichlorvos, or biological pesticides like Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) and microbial insecticides. Spraying should be done alternately every 7–10 days for 2–3 applications, ensuring thorough coverage. Preventive measures, such as maintaining proper field hygiene and monitoring for early signs of infestation, are also crucial in reducing damage.
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