The Soviet White Pig, commonly known as Subai, is a large white pig breed originally imported from the United Kingdom during the 1970s and 1980s. Following several introductions between 1923 and 1931, the breed was gradually adapted to local conditions in the Soviet Union. After extensive domestication and selective breeding, it was officially recognized as a national variety in 1925. The Subai pig is a dual-purpose breed, valued for both meat and reproduction.
Known for its large size, strong build, and high adaptability, the Subai pig is particularly noted for its high fertility and fast growth rate. Even under low-nutrient feeding conditions, it outperforms other breeds like the Changbai, Yorkshire, and Buckley by 10% to 15% in daily weight gain. This makes it a highly efficient choice for pork production in resource-limited environments. Additionally, the Subai pig serves as an excellent sire and dam, making it a popular choice for crossbreeding programs.
In terms of reproductive performance, male pigs reach sexual maturity at around 4 months of age, while females typically mature between 6 to 7 months. However, they are usually bred when they are 8 to 10 months old, with sows weighing between 90 to 100 kg and boars between 100 to 120 kg. The average estrus cycle in sows lasts about 19 days, with estrus lasting 2 to 5 days. The gestation period is approximately 114 days, and sows typically come into heat again 45 to 60 days after farrowing. Sows have an optimal reproductive lifespan of 2 to 5 years, while boars are productive for 2 to 3 years.
According to data from 1,393 litters, the average number of piglets per litter is 12.26. At 20 days of age, the milk yield is around 49.15 kg, and by 60 days, the weaned litter weight reaches 127.81 kg, with each piglet averaging 14.96 kg.
Regarding finishing performance, under normal feeding conditions, Subai pigs achieve an average daily weight gain of over 500 grams, often reaching 597 grams. They require 3.01 to 4.0 kg of mixed feed per kilogram of weight gain. It's ideal to slaughter them at 6 to 8 months of age. On average, these pigs weigh 95.62 kg at slaughter, with a slaughter rate of 73.55%. The backfat thickness between the 6th and 7th ribs is 4.22 cm, the carcass length is 79.94 cm, the loin eye area is 30.06 cm², the hip ratio is 28.01%, and the lean meat percentage is 49.25%.
Overall, the Subai pig is a versatile and productive breed that has played an important role in Soviet livestock development and remains relevant in modern swine production systems.
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