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Scientific application methods of commonly used chemical fertilizers
Fertilizer application methods vary depending on the type of fertilizer and the crop being grown. For example, ammonium bicarbonate should be applied deeply at a depth of 15 to 20 cm and then covered with soil to reduce evaporation. This method improves groundwater utilization by 20% to 30%, which is 10% to 15% higher than shallow application. It works best as a base fertilizer or top dressing, and proper coverage helps maintain its effectiveness.
Urea, an amide nitrogen fertilizer, requires microbial activity in the soil for 3 to 4 days before it converts into ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate, making it available for plant uptake. Therefore, it should be applied deeper and earlier—about 4 to 5 days before ammonium-based fertilizers. After application, avoid immediate irrigation, as this can lead to urea leaching. Wait 4 to 6 days before watering. Also, never use urea directly as seed fertilizer, as high concentrations can damage seeds and affect germination.
Diammonium phosphate is best used as a base fertilizer. If applied as a top dressing, it should be placed 10 cm deep. Avoid covering it with soil or mixing it with water, as this may cause nitrogen to remain on the surface. Also, do not combine it with alkaline materials like wood ash or lime, as this can reduce nitrogen availability and phosphorus effectiveness.
Ammonium nitrate quickly breaks down into ammonium and nitrate ions after application. While ammonium ions are retained in the soil, nitrate ions are easily lost through leaching. Therefore, it is not recommended for top-dressing or paddy fields where water runoff is common.
Superphosphate is suitable for most crops and soils, and can be used as a base or top dressing. However, it should not be used directly as a seed fertilizer because of the free acid content, which can burn young seedlings. It is best applied in furrows, near roots, or mixed with organic manure to improve nutrient absorption.
Calcium magnesium phosphate is insoluble in water but dissolves in weak acids. It performs best as a base fertilizer in acidic soils. Avoid using it in neutral or alkaline soils, and do not apply it as a top dressing, as it has limited effectiveness in that form.
Phosphate fertilizers are often underutilized by crops, so continuous annual application is unnecessary. Applying them every other year can help improve efficiency and prevent overuse.
Potassium chloride should not be used on saline-alkali soils, as it can increase salinity and harm plants. It is also unsuitable for crops like potatoes, sugar beets, tobacco, tea, citrus, and grapes. In dry regions, it should be used sparingly during the dry season to avoid excessive salt buildup.