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Common diseases of flowers - black spot
Symptoms: Black spot disease primarily affects leaves, but petioles, twigs, and pedicels can also be impacted. The disease manifests in two distinct forms. In the early stages, small reddish-brown to purple-brown spots appear on the leaf surface, gradually expanding into round or irregular dark black lesions. These spots often have a yellow halo and exhibit radial edges. Lesion diameters typically range from 3 to 15 mm. As the disease progresses, small black structures—spore-bearing plates of the pathogen—appear on the lesions. In severe cases, lower leaves turn brown and fall prematurely, leading to dieback of branches, as seen in rose black spot.
The second type of symptom involves brown to dark brown, lenticular-shaped spots along the veins, where black moldy growths, including conidia, develop. Severe infections cause early leaf drop, which hinders plant growth, as observed in the black spot disease of Prunus triloba.
Black spot disease is a major threat to Chinese roses, occurring widely and causing significant damage. The pathogen survives the winter in infected dead branches or in the soil, either as mycelium or conidial discs. Infections typically begin in mid to late May of the following year, with disease outbreaks peaking between July and September. Spores are spread by wind, rain, or insects, leading to new infections.
Heavy rainfall is a key factor in disease outbreaks. In years with abundant rain, the disease tends to start earlier and become more severe. Conditions such as poor drainage, low-lying areas with stagnant water, inadequate ventilation, insufficient light, and improper watering practices also favor disease development.
Control Measures:
1. Choose and plant resistant varieties.
2. After the growing season, remove and burn all dead branches and fallen leaves to reduce inoculum.
3. Improve cultural practices by pruning regularly, ensuring good air circulation and adequate sunlight.
4. When new leaves begin to unfurl, apply fungicides such as 50% carbendazim WP diluted at 500–1000 times, 75% chlorothalonil at 500 times, or 80% mancozeb at 500 times. Apply every 7–10 days for 3–4 treatments to effectively manage the disease.
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