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The technology of cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines
Eucommia ulmoides, commonly known as the Chinese rubber tree, is primarily cultivated in provinces such as Sichuan, Guizhou, and Henan. However, it is also widely grown across various regions of China due to its adaptability and economic value. This species thrives in warm and humid climates and exhibits a strong tolerance for cold conditions. It can grow in a wide range of soil types, including acidic soils (like red and yellow soils), neutral soils, slightly alkaline soils, and even calcareous soils. The ideal soil type is sandy loam with a pH between 5 and 7.5.
In terms of growth patterns, Eucommia grows slowly during its first 10 years, then experiences rapid growth between 10 and 20 years. After that, the growth rate gradually declines, and by the age of 30, it begins to slow down significantly. By the time the tree reaches 50 years old, its growth becomes almost stagnant.
For cultivation, proper site preparation is essential. The nursery land should be selected based on factors like good sunlight exposure, deep soil layers, loose and fertile soil, and convenient irrigation and drainage systems. Before planting, it's recommended to apply 3,500 kg of manure per acre, along with 100 kg of cake fertilizer and 50 kg of superphosphate. The soil should be tilled to a depth of 30 cm and leveled to create beds that are 1.2 meters wide and 20 cm high. In mountainous areas, gentle slopes facing the sun are preferred for planting.
Breeding methods include seeds, cuttings, layering, ramets, and grafting, but seed propagation is most common. Eucommia seeds have a short viability period, and their germination rate tends to decrease every other year. Therefore, fresh seeds must be used. For optimal seed collection, select mature female trees that are healthy, have thick trunks, and show no signs of peeling. These trees should be at least 20 years old. Seeds are typically collected from late October to early November when the fruit skin turns pale brown. They should be spread in a cool, well-ventilated area and not dried. Only fresh, full, and glossy seeds should be used for sowing, either in autumn or spring. For spring sowing, wet sand stratification is necessary, and sowing should occur when temperatures stabilize above 10°C.
Once the seedlings reach 80–100 cm in height after 1–2 years of growth, they can be transplanted. When planting, dig holes spaced 2–3 meters apart, each measuring 50 cm in depth and diameter. Apply 20 kg of organic fertilizer, 1 kg of superphosphate, and 1 kg of cake fertilizer to each hole, cover with 10 cm of fine soil, and then plant the seedling.
Field management includes regular weeding and shallow cultivation to avoid damaging the roots. Intercropping with other crops can help with weed control. Young trees benefit from forest clearing in summer to promote growth. Annual cleaning without cultivation is sufficient for mature forests. Before winter, soil cultivation around young trees helps protect them from cold damage.
Top dressing should be done in spring and summer. Apply 1,500 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 kg of cake fertilizer per acre in spring, using radial grooves around the roots. In summer, add 2,000 kg of alum, 50 kg of superphosphate, and 200 kg of wood ash, applying it near the roots. Watering is crucial after planting to maintain soil moisture. During droughts, timely irrigation is needed, while excessive water during rainy seasons should be drained to prevent root rot.
Pruning is important for shaping the tree and increasing yield. In winter, prune lower branches to encourage trunk growth and improve bark quality. Remove drooping and crowded branches to keep the canopy open and well-ventilated. Root suckers can be separated from the mother plant and replanted to support the health of the main tree.
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