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Longan Seed Seedling Technology
The longan, also known as "round meat" or "longan flesh," is a well-known medicinal and edible fruit with the ability to nourish the heart and blood, soothe the nerves, and promote mental clarity. It is widely cultivated in regions such as Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Taiwan. Longan can be propagated through both seed and grafting methods. Here's a detailed guide on seed propagation:
First, selecting the nursery site is crucial. The area should have good drainage, avoid waterlogging, and be on a gentle slope of 5 to 10 degrees or flat terraces. The soil should be deep, loose, and rich in sandy loam—avoid heavy clay. Before planting, the land must be plowed thoroughly to remove stones and weeds, and turned to a depth of 25–30 cm. The furrows should be 1–1.2 meters wide, with a 20 cm layer of soil left at the bottom. After leveling, spacing between rows should be about 30 cm.
Second, fertilization plays a key role in producing healthy seedlings. Apply 3,000–4,000 kg of pig or cow manure per acre, or 4,000–5,000 kg of high-quality farmyard compost. Add 100–150 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate and 100–130 kg of lime. Mix all the materials thoroughly, let them ferment, and spread evenly into the furrows before mixing with topsoil for sowing.
Third, seed preparation is essential. Fresh longan seeds should not be dried, as this reduces their viability. Collect the seeds immediately after eating the flesh, mix them with fine sand, gently rub off the remaining pulp, and rinse to remove any weak or shriveled seeds. Select only full, plump seeds, and plant 2–3 seeds per hole. Mix the seeds with fine sand (with about 5% moisture) and place them in layers of 10–15 cm thick under shade. Cover with another layer of sand (1–1.5 cm over the seeds) and then cover with straw to retain moisture. Maintain a temperature around 25°C; if it becomes too hot, mist the area with cold water to prevent seed damage. After 3–5 days, when the sprout reaches 1–2 cm, they are ready for sowing.
Fourth, the sowing method involves broadcasting germinated seeds in rows spaced 20 cm apart, with 30 cm between rows. Each hole contains one seed, covered with soil and then topped with a layer of mulch like straw or a raft to reduce evaporation and keep the soil moist. A density of 8,000–10,000 seedlings per acre is ideal, though 6,000–7,000 is often better to avoid overcrowding, which can affect growth and transplant survival.
During early autumn, when temperatures are high, it’s not ideal for sowing. According to practices from Guangxi, green manure crops like mung beans or soybeans can be planted in the furrows first, 45–60 days before sowing longan seeds. By the time the longan seeds are sown, the green manure will have grown to about 20 cm, providing a cooler microclimate that protects young seedlings from sunburn and improves survival rates. This allows for natural shading without waiting for the seedlings to mature, and the green manure can be removed once the weather cools.
Fifth, managing the seedlings is important. Once the seedlings have 4–5 leaves and turn green, cut back the main root tip to encourage lateral root development, improving transplant success and early fruiting. As the seedlings grow, monitor watering and fertilizer needs, applying additional nutrients and water as required. Pests and diseases are common, so regular inspections and treatments are necessary. Also, protect seedlings from frost during winter.
When the seedlings reach more than 30 cm in height but lack branches, manually prune the top to control height and promote thicker stems, making them suitable for grafting. Most seedlings will meet the grafting standard (stem diameter 1–1.2 cm at 10–15 cm above ground) within the first year. Grafting can be done between August and September of the following year, and by the third spring or autumn, the plants can be transplanted into the field.
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