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The technology of cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines
Eucommia ulmoides, commonly known as Du Zhong, is primarily cultivated in provinces such as Sichuan, Guizhou, and Henan. However, it is also widely grown across many other regions of China due to its adaptability and economic value. This tree species thrives in warm and humid climates and is highly cold-tolerant, making it suitable for a variety of environments.
In terms of growth habits, Eucommia prefers well-drained, fertile soils ranging from acidic (red soil, yellow soil) to slightly alkaline or calcareous soils. A sandy loam with a pH between 5 and 7.5 is ideal. The tree grows relatively slowly during the first 10 years, then enters a fast-growing phase between 10 and 20 years, before gradually slowing down after 30 years. By the time it reaches 50 years old, its growth becomes almost stagnant.
For cultivation, site preparation is crucial. Nursery land should be selected based on factors like good sunlight exposure, deep soil, and proper drainage. Farmers typically apply 3,500 kg of manure, 100 kg of cake fertilizer, and 50 kg of superphosphate per acre. The soil is then tilled to a depth of 30 cm and leveled into beds that are 1.2 meters wide and 20 cm high. In mountainous areas, gentle slopes facing the sun are preferred for planting.
Breeding methods include seeds, cuttings, layering, ramets, and grafting, with seed propagation being the most common. However, Eucommia seeds have a short viability period, so fresh seeds must be used each year. Female trees over 20 years old, with thick trunks and healthy leaves, are chosen as mother plants. Seeds are collected from October to November when the fruits turn pale brown. They should be stored in a cool, ventilated place without drying. For sowing, choose bright, full, and glossy seeds. Autumn sowing can be done directly, while spring sowing requires wet sand stratification. Seedlings usually emerge within 15 days and can be transplanted after 1–2 years when they reach 80–100 cm in height.
Field management involves regular weeding and shallow cultivation to avoid damaging the roots. Intercropping with crops can help control weeds and improve soil fertility. Young trees benefit from periodic pruning to promote trunk growth and increase bark yield. Fertilization is essential—applying 1,500 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 kg of cake fertilizer in spring, followed by additional nutrients like superphosphate and ash in summer. Proper irrigation is necessary, especially during dry periods, while drainage is critical in rainy seasons to prevent root rot.
Pruning is best done in winter to remove lower branches and maintain an open canopy. Root suckers can also be separated and replanted to support the health of the parent plant. With careful management, Eucommia can thrive and provide valuable medicinal products for years.
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