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Scientific application methods of commonly used chemical fertilizers
Fertilizer application techniques vary depending on the type of fertilizer and the crop being grown. For ammonium bicarbonate, it is recommended to apply it deeply into the soil at a depth of 15 to 20 cm, and then cover it with soil to reduce evaporation loss. This method can increase the efficiency of groundwater use by 20% to 30%, which is 10% to 15% higher than shallow application. It should be used as a base fertilizer or top dressing, and proper covering after application helps retain its effectiveness.
Urea, an amide nitrogen fertilizer, requires microbial activity in the soil for 3 to 4 days before it converts into ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate, which plants can absorb. Therefore, it should be applied deeply and earlier—about 4 to 5 days before ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium sulfate. After applying urea, avoid immediate irrigation, as water can cause it to leach away. It's best to wait 4 to 6 days before watering. Urea should never be used directly as seed fertilizer, as high concentrations can damage seeds and affect germination, leading to uneven plant growth.
Diammonium phosphate works best as a basal fertilizer. If used as a top dressing, it should be applied early and at a depth of about 10 cm. Avoid covering it with soil or mixing it with water, as this may leave most of the nitrogen on the surface, reducing its effectiveness. Also, do not mix it with alkaline fertilizers like wood ash or lime, as this can cause nitrogen to evaporate and decrease phosphorus availability.
Ammonium nitrate decomposes quickly in the soil into ammonium and nitrate ions. While ammonium ions are retained by the soil, nitrate ions are highly mobile and can easily be lost through leaching. Therefore, it is not ideal for top-dressing or paddy fields where water runoff is common.
Superphosphate is suitable for all crops and soils, and can be used as a base or top dressing. However, it should not be applied directly to seeds, as the free acid present can burn young seedlings. It is best applied in furrows, around roots, or mixed with organic fertilizer to improve nutrient uptake and efficiency.
Calcium magnesium phosphate is insoluble in water but dissolves in weak acids. It performs best as a base fertilizer in acidic soils. It should not be used in neutral or alkaline soils, nor as a top dressing, since it has limited effectiveness when applied on the surface.
The current crop often absorbs only a small portion of the phosphate applied, so it’s not necessary to apply phosphorus fertilizers every year. Applying it every other year can help maintain efficiency and prevent over-application.
Potassium chloride should not be used on saline-alkali soils, as it can increase salinity and harm plants. It should also be avoided on sensitive crops such as potatoes, sugar beets, tobacco, tea, citrus, and grapes. In arid regions during dry seasons, it should be used sparingly to avoid salt buildup in the soil.