Soybean Fertilization Technology

Soybean Fertilization Technology

1. Soybean Nutrient Requirements

Soybeans are among the most economically valuable crops in the grain and oil industry. They require significant amounts of nitrogen, which they can partially fix through their root nodules by absorbing it directly from the atmosphere—typically 5 to 7.5 kg per mu, accounting for about 40% to 60% of their total nitrogen needs. For every 100 kg of soybeans produced, approximately 1.8 to 1.10 kg of nitrogen (N), 1.8 to 3.0 kg of phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 2.9 to 3.0 kg of potassium (K₂O) must be taken up from the soil. The ideal N:P:K ratio is roughly 1:0.17–0.23:0.39–0.41. Compared to other staple crops like rice, wheat, and corn, soybeans have much higher nutrient demands.

2. Fertilization Principles for Soybeans

The growth cycle of soybeans can be divided into several stages: seedling, branching, flowering, pod formation, grain filling, and maturity, with the entire cycle lasting 90 to 130 days. The fertilizer absorption pattern follows specific trends: (1) Nitrogen uptake peaks during the flowering to podding stage, making this the critical period for nitrogen demand. (2) Phosphorus is most needed during the mid-growth phase, especially between early flowering and pod formation. (3) Potassium is absorbed steadily throughout the growing season, with a large portion taken up before flowering and again during the grain-filling stage. These patterns highlight the importance of timely and balanced fertilization to maximize yield and quality.

3. Key Techniques for Soybean Fertilization

A well-structured fertilization system for soybeans typically includes base fertilizer, seed fertilizer, and top-dressing. The goal is to provide sufficient nutrients while supporting the natural nitrogen-fixing ability of rhizobia. Overuse of nitrogen at any stage can harm these beneficial bacteria or cause lodging, so careful application is essential. It's also important to correct the misconception that soybeans don’t need nitrogen at all. A balanced mix of macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (such as boron and molybdenum) should be used alongside both slow- and fast-release fertilizers. Here are some key practices:

3.1 Base Fertilizer: Organic manure is a crucial component for boosting soybean yields. Applying organic fertilizer to previous crops in a crop rotation system allows soybeans to benefit from its residual effects. This helps promote nodule formation and enhances nitrogen fixation. On low-fertility soils, adding 10 kg each of calcium phosphate and potassium chloride can significantly improve production.

3.2 Seed Fertilizer: It is common to apply 10–15 kg of superphosphate or 5 kg of diammonium phosphate as seed fertilizer. In boron-deficient soils, 0.4–0.6 kg of borax can be added. Since soybeans are dicotyledons, the seedlings may struggle to push through the soil, so seed treatments should be applied to the lower or side parts of the seeds, not directly on them. In regions like Huaibei, using 1–2% ammonium molybdate as a seed dressing has shown excellent results.

3.3 Top-Dressing: During the early seedling stage, when nodules have not yet formed or are not active, applying a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can help the plant grow stronger. At the flowering stage, a light dose of nitrogen (about 7.5–10 kg of urea) is also beneficial. Spraying a 0.2–0.3% solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or applying 2–4 kg of calcium superphosphate mixed in 100 kg of water per acre can enhance grain quality and increase yield. Additionally, spraying solutions of 0.1% borax, copper sulfate, and manganese sulfate during flowering can improve grain filling and boost oil content.

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