Respiratory disease is a common disease, frequently-occurring disease, the main lesion in the trachea, bronchi, lung and chest, lesions are more cough, chest pain, respiratory effects, severe breathing difficulties, hypoxia, and even respiratory failure and death. Due to air pollution, smoking and other factors, The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is increasing including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, bronchial asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary diffuse interstitial fibrosis, and pulmonary infection the morbidity and mortality of the disease at home and abroad . Therefore, anti-respiratory disease drugs are also more and more attention paid by researchers. Respiratory disease have the symptoms of cough, sputum, hemoptysis, chest pain, shortness of breath and other symptoms of lack of specificity, often clinicians mistaken by people for colds, bronchitis, and severe pneumonia, tuberculosis or lung cancer and other diseases delayed diagnosis; Respiratory tract infection, to be developed to emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, respiratory failure was taken seriously, but it was too late, its pathology and physiological function has been difficult to reverse. As with other systemic diseases, careful and detailed medical history and physical examination are the basis for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases, and should be combined with routine laboratory tests and other special findings to conduct a comprehensive and comprehensive analysis. Currently the most clinical application of anti-respiratory disease drugs have the following four categories: 1. Antihistamines 2. Cough medicine 3. Bronchodilator 4. Expectorant 5. Anti-asthma drugs.
Anti-asthma Drugs, Antitussives, Expectorants, β adrenergic receptor agonists, M Cholinergic Blockers, Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, Anti-Respiratory Drugs,Respiratory System Diseases Treatment Taizhou Volsen Chemical Co., Ltd. , https://www.volsenchem.com
Soybean Fertilization Technology
Soybean Nutrient Requirements
Soybeans are one of the most economically valuable crops in the grain and oil category. They have a high demand for nitrogen, which they can partially obtain through biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in their root nodules. Typically, soybeans can fix between 5 to 7.5 kg of nitrogen per mu from the atmosphere, accounting for about 40% to 60% of their total nitrogen needs. For every 100 kg of soybeans produced, the crop absorbs approximately 1.8 to 1.10 kg of nitrogen (N), 1.8 to 3.0 kg of phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 2.9 to 3.0 kg of potassium (K₂O) from the soil. The ratio of N:P:K required is roughly 1:0.17–0.23:0.39–0.41. Compared to other staple crops like rice, wheat, and corn, soybeans require significantly more nutrients throughout their growth cycle.
Fertilization Principles for Soybeans
The growth of soybeans can be divided into several stages: seedling, branching, flowering, pod setting, grain filling, and maturity. The entire growth period typically lasts 90 to 130 days. The nutrient uptake pattern follows certain rules:
1. Nitrogen absorption: During the early emergence and branching phase, soybeans absorb about 15% of the total nitrogen needed. From branching to full bloom, this increases to 16.4%, then reaches 28.3% during the flowering to podding stage, and 24% during the grain filling phase. The peak period for nitrogen uptake is from flowering to pod setting.
2. Phosphorus absorption: In the early seedling stage, phosphorus uptake accounts for about 17%. It rises sharply to 70% from early flowering to pod setting, and drops to 13% during the later stages of grain filling and maturity. The mid-growth phase is when soybeans need the most phosphorus.
3. Potassium absorption: Before flowering, 43% of potassium is absorbed, followed by 39.5% during the grain filling stage, and 17.2% from pod setting to maturity. The flowering to podding stage is not only the peak for dry matter accumulation but also the critical period for absorbing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Key Techniques for Soybean Fertilization
A well-balanced fertilization system for soybeans includes base fertilizer, seed fertilizer, and top-dressing. The main goal is to ensure sufficient nutrition while supporting the natural nitrogen-fixing ability of rhizobia. Excessive nitrogen application, especially in early or late growth stages, can harm rhizobial activity and increase the risk of lodging. It’s also important to correct the misconception that "no nitrogen fertilizer is needed because of rhizobia." Instead, a balanced mix of major and micronutrients—such as boron, molybdenum, and others—should be used alongside slow- and fast-release fertilizers.
Base Fertilizer Application
Applying organic fertilizer as a base is a key strategy for boosting soybean yields. Organic materials applied to previous crops in a rotation system can provide long-term benefits for subsequent soybean crops. This promotes better nodulation and nitrogen fixation, leading to higher productivity. On low-fertility soils, adding 10 kg each of calcium phosphate and potassium chloride can significantly improve yield.
Seed Fertilizer Application
Seed fertilizer is commonly applied at 10–15 kg of superphosphate or 5 kg of diammonium phosphate per acre. If the soil is deficient in boron, 0.4–0.6 kg of borax should be added. Since soybeans are dicotyledonous plants, their seedlings may struggle to push through the soil. Therefore, seed dressings should be placed on the lower or side parts of the seeds, avoiding direct contact with the seeds. In some regions, such as Huaibei, using a 1–2% ammonium molybdate seed dressing has proven effective.
Top-Dressing Practices
Studies show that applying a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer during the early seedling stage, when nodules haven’t fully developed, can help the plant grow stronger. A small dose of nitrogen at the flowering stage can also be beneficial, usually around 7.5–10 kg of urea per acre. Spraying 0.2–0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 2–4 kg of calcium superphosphate dissolved in 100 kg of water per acre during flowering can enhance grain quality and boost yield. Additionally, spraying a 0.1% solution of borax, copper sulfate, or manganese sulfate during flowering can promote full grain development and increase oil content in soybeans.
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