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Ginseng related introduction and breed breeding
Ginseng, scientifically known as *Panax ginseng* C.A. Meyer, is a perennial herb belonging to the Araliaceae family. It is primarily cultivated in the northeastern provinces of China, including Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang. Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, and Hubei also have significant cultivation areas. Although wild ginseng is now extremely rare, it once thrived in these regions. Ginseng has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, with a long history of cultivation and high production levels, making China the world's leading producer.
The plant typically grows to about 60 cm in height, featuring palmate compound leaves that are lanceolate or elliptical in shape, with shallowly serrated edges. The roots are thick and fleshy, with a distinctive "reed bowl" at the top, formed by the remnants of the previous year’s stem. Ginseng is rich in ginsenosides such as Rb1 and Rg1, along with volatile oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential nutrients like amino acids, vitamins, and trace elements.
Modern research highlights its ability to regulate the nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems, enhance metabolism, support immune function, and provide anti-aging, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Ginseng is valued for its ability to tonify Qi, strengthen the heart, improve mental clarity, and treat conditions such as fatigue, insomnia, and weak immunity. It is also beneficial for managing hypertension, diabetes, and liver diseases.
There are several varieties of ginseng, each with unique characteristics. For example, the "Malaysian Horse" variety has thick, short roots and large reed bowls, while the "Two-Horse Teeth" variety develops two prominent lateral roots resembling human legs. The "Long-Necked" type is often associated with wild ginseng due to its slender, elongated root structure. These varieties are cultivated based on specific environmental and soil conditions.
In terms of biological traits, ginseng requires cool climates, with an average annual temperature ranging from 2.4°C to 13.9°C and annual rainfall between 500 and 2000 mm. It prefers well-drained, humus-rich soils with high moisture content. The growth cycle typically lasts 130 to 150 days, with the plant taking six years to reach full maturity. During this time, the above-ground part produces three-leaf compound leaves in the first year, increasing to five leaves annually thereafter. The underground roots grow steadily, reaching up to 300 grams by the sixth year.
Cultivation techniques vary depending on whether it is grown in woodland or farmland. Woodland planting involves selecting suitable sites with proper shade and soil preparation, while farmland planting focuses on soil improvement, irrigation, and pest control. Both methods require careful management of light, water, and fertilization to ensure optimal growth.
Pest and disease management is critical in ginseng cultivation. Common diseases include Alternaria leaf spot, Phytophthora blight, and Rhizoctonia root rot. Insect pests such as crickets and locusts also pose threats. Integrated pest management strategies, including biological controls and chemical treatments, are essential for maintaining healthy crops.
Harvesting typically occurs after six years, with some varieties requiring up to nine years for full development. Post-harvest processing includes steaming, drying, and sugar-coating to produce different forms of ginseng, such as red ginseng, raw ginseng, and sugar ginseng. Proper storage and drying techniques are crucial to preserving quality and potency.
Overall, ginseng remains a highly valued medicinal plant, not only for its therapeutic properties but also for its cultural and economic significance in China and beyond. Its cultivation continues to evolve with advancements in agricultural practices and scientific research.