Ovarian diseases are responsible for about one-third of infertility cases in dairy cows. These conditions typically include follicular cysts, ovarian quiescence, persistent corpora lutea, delayed ovulation, and anovulation. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to restore reproductive function. For **follicular cysts**, treatment options include intramuscular injections of progesterone (50–100 mg), luteinizing hormone (LH) at 100–200 units per dose, administered every other day for 2–3 sessions, or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at 10,000 units once daily, repeated every 2–3 days. These treatments help stimulate ovulation and resolve the cysts. In cases of **ovarian quiescence** or **persistent corpus luteum**, a uterine thermal bath using 45°C saline can be beneficial. Ovarian massage is also recommended. Additionally, oral potassium iodide (KI) at 5 grams per day for 7 days, combined with HCG (5,000 IU) on days 5–7 and an intramuscular injection of cloprostenol (0.4 mg), can help induce estrus. After the cow shows signs of estrus, another course of KI may be given to support recovery. For **delayed ovulation or anovulation**, it is advised to administer either LRH-A3 (0.2–0.3 mg) or HCG (1,000–2,000 IU) intramuscularly within 8 hours before or at the time of artificial insemination. This helps trigger ovulation and improve conception rates. Uterine diseases account for two-thirds of infertility in dairy cows, often presenting as different forms of endometritis or uterine accumulations. The primary treatment involves uterine infusions. In mild cases, a solution of 5% glucose or normal saline at 30–35°C (100 ml) mixed with 1.6 million units of penicillin and 2 million units of streptomycin is injected into the uterus. This should be done before or 6–8 hours after insemination. In more severe cases, solutions such as 0.2% suchildren, 0.1% potassium permanganate, 0.02% nitrofurazone, or 0.02% benzalkonium bromide at 38–40°C (100–150 ml) can be used. Commercial products like Gong Dekang have also shown effectiveness in treating these conditions. To prevent these issues, proper feeding and management are crucial. Reducing fine feed and managing obesity in cows can improve fertility. Prompt treatment of obstetric complications, standardized artificial insemination procedures with strict disinfection, and avoiding improper birthing practices are essential. Maintaining a clean environment and preventing fecal contamination of the cow's body will further reduce the risk of infections.

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