Citrus canker

Citrus canker

Citrus, Grapefruit Canker


Grapefruit canker is a bacterial disease that affects leaves, branches, and fruits of citrus plants. The primary symptom is the formation of raised, crater-like lesions on the affected parts. These lesions often have a sunken center, and in some cases, the lesions may appear yellowish. On woody tissues, the lesions can penetrate deeper, while on fruit shoots, there is usually no or only a faint yellow halo surrounding the spots. The pathogen responsible for this disease is *Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri*, a rod-shaped bacterium. This pathogen overwinters in infected plant tissues, especially on autumn shoots, which serve as the main source of infection for the following growing season. In late spring, when conditions are warm and moist, the bacteria multiply and spread through wind, rain, insects, direct contact between plants, and human activities. They enter the plant through natural openings such as stomata, lenticels, and wounds. Long-distance transmission occurs via infected seedlings, scions, and fruits. Environmental factors play a significant role in disease development. High temperatures combined with heavy rainfall, especially during typhoon seasons, favor the spread of the disease. Moderate temperatures (25–30°C) along with frequent rain increase the likelihood of infection. Poor management practices, such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer application, inadequate control of leafhoppers, and uncontrolled summer shoots, also contribute to higher disease incidence. Orchards with mixed species tend to be more severely affected, and young trees and seedlings are more vulnerable than older ones. Sweet oranges are the most susceptible, followed by pomelo and lemons, while kumquats show the highest resistance. The pathogen only infects young tissues at specific developmental stages when stomata are fully formed. Control Measures: 1. **Quarantine and Use of Disease-Free Seedlings**: Strictly inspect and quarantine all seedlings and scions. Soak them in 700 units/ml streptomycin plus 1% alcohol for 30–60 minutes, or treat with 0.1% mercury or 0.3% ferrous sulfate for 10 minutes. Ensure that disease-free nurseries are located at least 3 km away from citrus orchards. 2. **Orchard Sanitation and Spraying**: During winter and spring pruning, remove all infected plant parts and clear the area. Afterward, spray the entire tree with a protective fungicide such as 30% copper oxychloride or "Back" suspension agent diluted 800–1000 times. 3. **Shoot Management**: Control shoot growth to reduce disease susceptibility. For young trees, manage summer shoots to promote even growth, making it easier to apply sprays. 4. **Fertilization and Pest Control**: Apply balanced fertilizers to avoid excessive vegetative growth. Monitor and control pests like leaf miners and swallowtail moths. During low-activity periods, target leaf miners on autumn shoots. Planting shelterbelts around orchards in areas prone to typhoons can help reduce wind-borne spread. 5. **Protective Spraying**: Begin spraying when new shoots reach 1.5–3 cm in length, and repeat when leaves turn green. For mature trees, spray three times: 10, 30, and 50 days after flowering. Effective fungicides include "Back" suspension agent (1000–1500 times), 77% mancozeb, 30% copper oxychloride (800–1000 times), or agricultural streptomycin (400–800 units/ml + 0.1% alcohol). Other options include Chuanhua-018 wettable powder (600 times), 50% Garnett wettable powder (800–1000 times), or a 0.5–1:2:100 Bordeaux mixture. You can also try 20% Euclote soluble powder (400–500 times) or 20% quinolone wettable powder (1000–1500 times). Note: Bordeaux mixture may cause rust mites, so use it cautiously.

Radial Artery Compression Devices

Radial artery compression devices, also known as radial artery compression devices or wristbands, are used to achieve hemostasis after a transradial cardiac catheterization procedure. The device is applied to the wrist and inflated to compress the radial artery, which is the artery that supplies blood to the hand and fingers. This compression helps to prevent bleeding and hematoma formation at the site of the catheterization.
Radial artery compression devices are preferred over traditional compression methods such as manual compression because they are more effective, comfortable for the patient, and allow for earlier ambulation and discharge. They also reduce the risk of complications such as radial artery occlusion and nerve injury.
In addition to cardiac catheterization procedures, radial artery compression devices may also be used after other procedures that involve the radial artery, such as transradial access for arterial blood gas analysis or for the placement of intra-arterial lines.

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Changzhou Weipu Medical Devices Co., Ltd. , https://www.cnweipumedical.com

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