How purple corn and its ribonucleic acid (RNA) break the laws of genetics

Senior researcher Viktor Chandler, director of the Fifth Institute of Biology at the University of Arizona in Tucson, said, "The paramutation violated Mendel's genetic law at an alarming rate. We know that the paramutation has been in existence for 50 years. However, until now, no one has deciphered the underlying operating principle." In standard genetic conditions, offspring inherited genes from their parents, and these genes showed the same function on children and parents. When a paramutation occurs, a gene from a parent commands the other genes in the next generation to show different functions. Although the DNA of these paramutated genes is the same as that of their parents, the functions they exhibit are not the same. Even if the children do not inherit the "abstaining" type of genes from their parents, vice mutations will still occur. The paramutations were originally found in maize and later found in other organisms including mammals.

Professor Chandler, professor of plant science and molecular and cell biology at the University of Arizona in Tucson, said, "In the previous study we identified a gene necessary for the production of paramutations. Now we have deciphered the gene's operation. It is so exciting because it will help us to solve the paramutation mechanism." For the first time, Chandler's research showed us a ribonucleic acid polymerase called ribonucleic acid, which is required for the production of paramutations.

Corn is the most economical crop in the United States. Better understanding of plant genes will help cultivators develop improved crop species. Understanding that paramutations and similar non-Mendelian phenomena are also linked to human health. Some diseases of humans, we know the genetic components of these diseases, but it is difficult to decipher. Non-Mendelian genetic influence may help us to decipher these diseases.

Chandler said, "The interaction of parental gene changes in the function of a certain gene in the children's generation will produce a very unexpected genetic model, which will make the identification of genes related to human diseases complicated." . Chandler and her colleagues will publish their latest research results in the July 20 issue of Nature. The article's title, author list, and research assistance unit will be printed at the end of the paper. The National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Howard Hughes Medical Research Center provided funding for the study.

The Chin Dey laboratory conducted a study on a gene called b1, which determines whether the corn stover is purple or green. Each gene of a plant has two kinds of replicating genes, one of which comes from parents. One type (allele) in the genetic code is a purple pigment. In general, plants only need one copy of the allele called BI, which is purple. But whether a plant carrying BI must be purple also depends on whether the replication partner carries BI. If the other b1 allele of the plant is a "paramutant" B variant, the BI allele will remain recessive. As a result, plants are often green. Although the DNA of BI has not changed, the performance of the recessive BI allele in the progeny will behave like a changed BI. Offspring carrying BI are mostly green, not dark purple. Lidudemira Sidorko, an assistant research scientist at Chandler Laboratories and one of the authors of the research paper, said, "This is irreversible and it will continue."

Chandler and her colleagues wanted to know how the B allele changed BI function without altering BI RNA. They already know that paramutations require the normal type of paramutation-coordinated gene 1 (MOP1). Most plants with normal paramutation-coordinated gene 1, BI allele, and B allele will eventually appear green. However, BI/B plants with two mutant heterologous mutations coordinating gene 1 will appear purple. These purple plants appear to be purple as if the B allele did not exist. This indicates that the B allele is essential for normal paramutation of the coordinated gene 1 in the process of making BI recessive.

The scientists tagged a maize chromosome with the position of a paramutation-coordinated gene #1, and then cloned the gene. The paramutation arbiter 1 gene can produce an enzyme called ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic polymerase. The mutated co-mutator was unable to make the enzyme because of the coordination of gene #1. The team had previously suspected that ribonucleic acid played such a role, and RNA coordinated the transfer of information between DNA and cellular protein makers. This new study yields the strongest evidence that RNA involves a paramutation.

The researchers hypothesized that the paramutation-coordinated gene 1 amplified the ribonucleic signal from key regions of the BI and B alleles. The critical region is a unique DNA sequence that is repeated seven times. Researchers also suspect that many ribonucleic acid molecules will have recessive BI and B alleles. Chandler said, "This is so exciting because it is a new role for RNA." The next step the researchers are making is to correctly decipher how the RNA suppresses the b1 gene, and how those cessation orders are faithfully passed on to the next generation without DNA mutations.

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