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Open field lettuce cultivation techniques
Lettuce, also known as leaf lettuce or green lettuce, is a popular raw vegetable commonly consumed in salads and other fresh dishes. It belongs to the Compositae family and is an annual herb that grows in the form of loose leaves or young shoots. The crisp, sweet texture and rich nutritional content make it a favorite among many gardeners and consumers.
**I. Variety Selection and Planting Scheduling**
1. **Spring Cultivation in Open Fields**
In early March, seedlings are started in greenhouses, elevated beds, or small sheds. After 40-50 days, they are transplanted into open fields in early May and harvested between mid-June and late June. Suitable varieties for this period include heat-resistant types like 'Cabbage', 'Lettuce', 'Empress', 'Olympia', 'Caesar', and 'Generals'. For non-heading varieties, 'Red Sail' and 'Oriental Triangular Lettuce' are recommended.
2. **Autumn Cultivation in Open Fields**
The best time for autumn lettuce planting is mid to late July. Seedlings are sown in shaded nurseries and transplanted from late August to early September, with harvesting occurring in mid to late October. Varieties such as 'Salaminas', 'Great Lakes 659', and 'Carona' are ideal for heading types, while 'Cantonese Lettuce', 'Guangdong Dengfeng', and red lettuce work well for non-heading types.
3. **Spring Mulch Film Cultivation**
Mulch film is used in spring to warm the soil and promote faster growth. This method is typically started in mid-April.
**II. Nursery Preparation**
1. **Seedbed Preparation**
When the average temperature over ten days exceeds 10°C, seedlings can be planted directly in the field. If temperatures are lower, protected areas are preferred. In summer, shading, cooling, and rain protection are essential. Apply 10-20 kg of decomposed manure per square meter, mix with 0.025 kg of phosphate fertilizer in a 3:1 ratio. Spread the mixture to a depth of 8-10 cm, covering an area of 1m x 10m. The seedbed should be leveled, with about 16-20 grams of seeds per acre.
2. **Soil Disinfection**
Mix 9g of 25% metalaxyl and 1g of 70% mancozeb with 4-5 kg of fine dry soil. Use 1/3 of the mixture as base soil and the remaining 2/3 on top after sowing.
3. **Seed Treatment**
During high-temperature seasons (July and August), pre-soaking and germination are necessary. Soak seeds in clean water for 6 hours, then wrap in wet gauze and place in a cool environment (15-18°C) for germination. Alternatively, use a water cellar or refrigerator (5-10°C) for 24 hours before moving to a warm place. Once 80% of the seeds have sprouted, they can be sown.
4. **Sowing**
Before sowing, water the seedbed thoroughly. After the water drains, scatter the seeds evenly and cover them with 2/3 of the soil (0.3-0.5 cm thick). Cover with plastic film and add a small shed. In cold weather, use straw curtains at night and shade nets during summer to keep the soil moist and cool.
5. **Seedling Care**
In spring, ensure good light and ventilation. Water sparingly to avoid excessive humidity. In summer, increase watering to 3 times daily and remove shade nets once the seedlings emerge. After watering, lightly cover the soil to prevent root exposure. Maintain a temperature of 15-18°C. Remove weeds when two true leaves appear, and transplant seedlings after 40-50 days with 3-4 true leaves.
**III. Transplanting**
1. **Field Preparation**
Apply 4000-5000 kg of compost, 15 kg of urea, 25 kg of phosphate, and 30 kg of diammonium per mu. Create ridges 50 cm wide, 40 cm apart, and 15-20 cm high.
2. **Transplanting**
When seedlings are 25-35 days old with 3-4 true leaves, transplant them the next day. Plant two rows per ridge with spacing of 20-30 cm. Ensure the roots are not buried too deep, and water immediately after planting.
3. **Field Management**
- **Fertilization and Irrigation**
Water immediately after planting. Apply 10 kg of urea 5-7 days later, followed by the second irrigation. After 15-20 days, apply 15-20 kg of NPK compound fertilizer, then water again. At 30 days, apply another 10-15 kg of compound fertilizer. Loose-leaf varieties may not require additional fertilization if organic matter is sufficient.
- **Weeding**
After 2-3 waterings, cultivate the soil. Repeat cultivation after the next watering if needed.
- **Pest Control**
For viral disease, use resistant varieties and control aphids with insecticides like 50% anti-influx or 10% imidacloprid. Spray 20% virus A or antitoxic agent No. 1 at the first sign of infection. For soft rot, manage through proper drainage, high ridges, and use of fungicides like mancozeb or thiophanate-methyl.
**IV. Harvesting**
Non-heading lettuce takes 40-50 days, while heading varieties take 50-60 days. Early harvest yields less, and delayed harvest leads to bolting, reducing market value. Non-heading types offer more flexibility in timing based on market demand.
**V. Live Transplant Technology**
1. **Seeding Time**
Live transplanting begins when the 10 cm soil temperature reaches 12°C, usually around mid-April.
2. **Sowing Method**
Use dry seeds or pre-germinated seeds. Sow in furrows 3-4 cm deep, placing 3-4 seeds per hole. Cover with 0.3-0.5 cm of moist soil and mulch with 0.008 mm film. Spacing is 30 cm between rows and 25-30 cm within rows, with 5000-6000 plants per mu.
3. **Seedling Emergence**
Once the film is broken, allow the seedlings to acclimate for 1-2 days before sealing. If temperatures are too high, poke small holes in the film to release heat.
4. **Thinning and Filling**
Thin out weak or diseased seedlings, and fill gaps with healthy ones. Avoid damaging roots when removing weeds.
5. **Fertilization**
At 5-6 true leaves, apply 10 kg of urea per mu. During the rosette stage, apply 15-20 kg of NPK fertilizer, and finally 10-15 kg for head formation.
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