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Non-pollution aquatic product production and detection technology
China is a big country in fishery. At present, the total output of aquatic products in the country has reached 43.82 million tons, accounting for one-third of the world's total fishery production. The per capita possession of aquatic products amounts to 32.7 kg, which exceeds the world’s per capita possession. China is again a big country for aquaculture. Starting from Fan Wei's "fish culture", China's aquaculture has a history of over 2,000 years. At present, China's aquaculture production ranks first in the world and accounts for two-thirds of the world's total. However, when mankind entered the new millennium, these are not the capitals we are proud of. Because the level of fishery economic development can no longer be measured by the level of output, and even at the expense of the environment, resources, and human health, the development of the fishery economy has entered a new era of quality and efficiency. We have today The fishery should be a new concept of new fishery - "pollution-free fishing." With the advancement of human society into the new century, people’s awareness of the environment has been strengthened unprecedentedly, and people’s consumption psychology has also been transformed from quantitative to qualitative. Whether it is abroad or domestic, the safety of food is highly valued. It not only strengthens the detection of drug residues in aquatic products, but also strictly controls the use of drugs and feed additives in aquatic animal breeding, and strictly controls the safety of genetic engineering products. Today, several issues relating to the production and testing of pollution-free aquatic products are discussed together with everyone. one. Pollution-free aquatic products production The basic meaning of pollution-free aquatic products Pollution-free aquatic products are pollution-free agricultural products, and its production environment should meet the requirements of environmental standards for pollution-free agricultural production areas. Its production process must meet the requirements of pollution-free agricultural production technology standards, product quality and safety. In accordance with the requirements for the quality and safety standards of pollution-free agricultural products, it must ultimately be certified through relevant procedures. 2. The basic content of the Ministry of Agriculture's "Development Plan for Advantageous Exported Aquaculture Products in Aquaculture" has attracted much attention in the modern aquaculture industry for improving the quality of aquaculture development. At the National Fisheries Industry Conference held at the beginning of this year, Director Yang Jian of the Fisheries Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture made it clear that: The aquaculture industry must strengthen the comprehensive management of water areas, improve the ecological environment of fisheries, vigorously promote healthy farming methods, and popularize the standards for the cultivation of pollution-free aquatic products. To ensure the quality and safety of aquaculture products. In line with the implementation of the “Non-environmental Food Action Plan,†the Ministry of Agriculture last year formulated and will organize the implementation of the “Area for the Development of Aquaculture of Advantageous Exported Aquatic Products.†The basic content is to select the international market with high reputation and strong competitiveness. The six major categories of famous aquatic products such as shrimp, shellfish, tilapia, large yellow croaker and river crab are focused on the development of dominant aquaculture species and promote export. Exports and exports of these six categories of aquatic products accounted for 85.8% and 92.3% of the total exports of aquaculture products in the country, respectively, which play a decisive role in the export of aquaculture products. In the next five years, we will focus on building and improving the “two belts and one zoneâ€, namely, the aquatic product aquaculture belt exported from the southeastern coastal areas, consisting of four aquaculture areas, including oysters, shrimp, large yellow croaker and tilapia, mainly in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong. There are 43 counties (cities) along the five provinces (districts) of Guangxi and Hainan; the dominant aquatic product breeding belt of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea is composed of two culture areas of shrimp and shellfish, mainly concentrated in 23 areas along the coasts of Shandong, Hebei and Liaoning provinces. Counties (cities); advantaged export river crab breeding areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, mainly concentrated in the 12 counties (cities) along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the three provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi. 3. The status and characteristics of the fishery environment Due to certain social factors, the water environment in China is seriously polluted. According to statistics, China has 2,800 kilometers of fish and shrimp extinct, accounting for 14.6% of the total length of rivers in China. The length of river sections that do not meet the standards of fishery water quality is more than 9,600 kilometers, accounting for 50% of the total length of rivers in China. China not only has serious pollution from fresh water, but also has serious pollution in coastal waters. Frequent occurrence of red tides and deterioration of the fishery ecosystem have plagued the development of fishery production. In addition to industrial wastewater, waste inspections, waste liquids, and domestic sewage, pollution from pesticides and fertilizers to water areas is extremely serious. It should be said that pesticides and fertilizers have played an important role in improving soil fertility, preventing crop pests and diseases, and promoting agricultural productivity. However, it is necessary to see that a considerable part of pesticides and chemical fertilizers flow into various types of waters with water, causing pollution to aquatic animals and plants. . This means that considerable sources of pollution eventually flow into the water, and aquaculture must be carried out in the water environment. Therefore, it is more difficult to produce pollution-free aquatic products than other agricultural products. Apart from some social factors, aquaculture itself also causes secondary pollution of the environment. It is estimated that raising 1 ton of freshwater fish will produce feces equal to the amount of feces of 20 fat pigs. The serious amount of pollution in the cage fish, Beijing Miyun Reservoir development cage fish, per mu more than 20,000 kilograms. Although the benefits are considerable, the consequence is that the water quality of the reservoir water is converted to fertilizer. The ammonia nitrogen is increased by 7.3 times and the effective phosphorus is increased by 10.3 times. In terms of seawater, the coastal shrimp industry needs to feed 3-5 tons of feed to produce 1 ton of shrimp. It is equivalent to 1-1.3 tons of protein but only 0.1-0.13 tons recycled. A large amount of nitrogen flows into the water to pollute the pool water, causing environmental pollution. Therefore, in the process of producing pollution-free aquatic products, we must also pay attention to controlling and reducing the interference and destruction of aquaculture itself to the aquatic ecosystem. 4. Aquatic product quality and safety in Anhui Province Anhui Province is an inland freshwater province. The province has a total area of ​​1.054 million hectares of water area, of which the reservable water surface ranks second in the country. In 2002, the province's aquatic product output reached 1.634 million tons, of which the famous and dominant product was 185,000 tons of shrimp and crab. At present, the quality of aquatic products for artificial and natural fishing in Anhui is generally better, especially for large reservoirs, large and medium-sized lakes, etc. Due to better water quality, the density of fish, shrimps and crabs is small, and natural feeds are abundant. So the vast majority of aquatic products are safe. However, we must be aware of the problems in the quality of aquatic products produced in some areas and some farming units due to deterioration of water quality and breeding techniques and production management. Some aquatic products have odors, and some aquatic products have excessive pesticide residues. Even detected heavy metals that are harmful to the human body. Anhui's aquatic product processing enterprises are relatively small and their export volume is relatively low. At present, aquatic products processed and exported are mainly frozen silver fish, frozen shrimp, river crab and black fish fillets. In 2002, the province exported 2,685 tons of various types of aquatic products, and the overall quality of the foreign merchants' reflections was relatively good. At present, no returns have occurred. However, there are some technical problems in the operation process of aquatic product processing and production. Some of them do not operate in strict accordance with national and industrial standards, which will have a direct impact on product quality and safety. There are four factors that summarize the quality of aquatic products in Anhui Province: First, industrial "three wastes" and domestic sewage, pesticides and fertilizers pollute the water environment. According to the incomplete statistics of Anhui's environmental protection agencies on 3,650 industrial enterprises, in 1999, the province's industrial wastewater discharge amounted to 986.7968 million tons, of which the industrial wastewater directly discharged into rivers, rivers, lakes, and fish ponds was 407.88224 million tons, accounting for the total emissions. , 40.7%. Wastewater discharge in 2001 was 1,358 million tons, of which 623 million tons were industrial wastewater and 726 million tons were domestic wastewater. A considerable part of these industrial wastewaters and domestic wastewater enters the aquaculture waters, which has a direct impact on fishery production. According to the Fisheries Environmental Monitoring Center of Anhui Province in October 2000, water quality monitoring was conducted on the three sections of the lakes, Tongling and Anqing, from the Wuhu to Anqing sections of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province. The results showed that the pollution in the river section of Anhui Province was relatively serious. The main pollutants were nitrogen, phosphorus, petroleum, copper, and so on. The mean value of total nitrogen exceeds 95% of the water quality standard for Category III, 128% of the standard value of total phosphorus exceeds the water quality standard for Category III, the average value of oil exceeds the standard for fishery water quality by 10 times, and copper exceeds the water quality standard for fishery by 1 time. After detection of harmful substances in fish, except for lead, other pollutants such as phenol, copper, zinc, zinc, cadmium, and mercury were all detected, indicating that the fish in the Yangtze River were also seriously polluted. In recent years, there have been major pollution accidents in Anhui Province, including Jiaogang Lake in Fengtai County (now Maoji District), Tianjing Lake in Wuhe County, and Gaotang Lake and other large water surfaces shared by the three cities of Zhangzhou, Huainan and Hefei. There are more pollution accidents in its tributaries, causing heavy losses to fishermen. The pollution of Chaohu Lake is also very serious. The main pollutants are ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, which leads to the eutrophication of lake water, the outbreak of Microcystis aeruginosa, and the deterioration of water quality. This not only affects aquaculture, but also causes problems for people drinking water along the lake. Second, there are problems in the input of the breeding process, such as feeding the feed. Now many production units use feeds such as bean cakes, rapeseed cakes, corn, wheat, bran, rice bran, etc., for aquatic product breeding, and some have been stored for a long time. Long, moldy spoilage occurs; while some are processed into pelleted feeds, additives such as added minerals, vitamins, preservatives, hormones, and disease-prevention drugs such as antibiotics do not meet the requirements in terms of quantity and quality; they have to prevent and treat diseases. The drug concentration or dose is too high, the time interval is too short, and some even use illicit drugs; some can not remedy the disease, not only cause waste but also pollute the water body. Thirdly, the frequency of diseases of farmed species increased, the time was prolonged, the scope of harm and the degree of harm continued to expand, resulting in more and more varieties of fishery medicines being used, and the usage was also increasing. Due to various factors such as the deterioration of the aquaculture environment and the introduction of aquatic fingerlings, pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites have been introduced, causing fish, shrimps, and crabs to become ill, and they have been increasing year by year. The fourth is the unsafe factors in the process of preservation, processing, transportation and distribution of aquatic products. 5. Specific requirements for the production of pollution-free aquatic products in the water environment Since aquaculture must be carried out in specific water environments, the production of pollution-free aquatic products must first be determined to be in compliance with the water environment for the production of pollution-free aquatic products. In order to develop the production of pollution-free aquatic products, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the standards for "Water Quality of Non-polluted Food Freshwater Aquaculture Water" and "Water Quality of Non-polluted Food Aquaculture Water" respectively in 2001 and September 3. The number is divided into NY5051-2001. And NY5052-2001, both standards have been implemented since October 1, 2001. In the standard of NY5051-2001, 17 indicators of the water quality requirements for freshwater aquaculture and specific water quality determination methods are specified. In the NY 5052-2001 standard, 21 indicators for the water quality requirements of marine aquaculture and specific water quality determination methods are specified. In the production of pollution-free aquatic products, we must choose the appropriate water environment according to this standard. 6. The cultivation of pollution-free aquatic products must use high-efficiency and safe feedstuffs as the material basis for aquaculture animals. In the practice of aquaculture production, on the one hand, it is necessary to ensure the nutritional requirements of the cultured objects and, on the other, to ensure the safety of the feed. In terms of reducing aquaculture's own pollution, it is required to increase the utilization of feed and reduce the loss of feed and pollution to the environment. This requires the study of nutrient requirements for different cultured objects, obtaining better formulas and improving the digestibility of the formulated diet. In practice, feed sources with high bioavailability and low water solubility can be selected so as to reduce the pollution of the feed to the aquaculture environment. With regard to the issue of feed safety, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the standard for NY5072-2002 "Safety Limits for Contaminated Food and Feeds for Compound Feeds" on July 25, 2002, and began implementation on September 2, 2002. The standard sets the safety index limit for fish and compound feed and the specific inspection method and inspection rules. In the process of producing pollution-free aquatic products, it must be implemented with reference. 7. The prevention and control of aquaculture animal diseases In the aquaculture production practice, the occurrence of aquatic animal diseases is inevitable. In practice, all we have to do is to strengthen the prevention of diseases and prevent the occurrence of large-scale diseases. The main measures for the prevention and treatment of diseases in traditional fisheries are medication, and the concept of disease prevention in the cultivation of non-polluted aquatic products is: (1) Strengthen surveillance of aquatic animal diseases and forecast and forecast of aquatic animal epidemics. 2 Strengthen the quarantine of aquatic animal diseases and establish an epidemic prevention system for aquatic animals. 3 Take measures to control and use the disease prevention and control measures, take control measures for pathogens that cause pathological reactions in aquatic animals, and take measures for the use of beneficial microorganisms or non-pathogenic microorganisms; not all pathogens are required. Killing only requires that their proportion of non-pathogenic pathogenic microorganisms be at a disadvantage. 4 to use biologics with its associated accelerators: such as microbial agents, vaccines, immune activators and so on. 5 The promotion and application of rapid diagnostic techniques for aquatic animal diseases. 7 Reasonable and effective use of drugs, including aquatic products, non-contaminated fishery medicines, etc. If it is necessary to use drugs in production, the standard of NY5071-2002 "Guidelines for the use of non-environmental food and fishery drugs" must be strictly enforced. The standard clearly regulates the use and dosage of fishery drugs, drug withdrawal period, and the prohibition of fishery drugs. 8. The use of microecological agents in non-polluted aquaculture products explores the causes of aquatic animal disease. In the past, people focused on the analysis of macro-ecosystems such as “environment—pathosome—cultured animals†to take response measures. However, there is a lot of prejudice against the micro-ecological system in the body of the cultured animals. If only the pathogenic microorganisms are regarded as the main body of the disease, the existence of other microorganisms in and outside the cultured object is neglected, which often leads to the failure of disease prevention and control. The healthy culture process of aquatic animals is the process of maintaining the dynamic balance of microbial ecosystems in aquatic ecosystems. The reason for the occurrence of aquatic animal diseases is that the aquatic ecosystem has not been in a normal dynamic equilibrium state. After the imbalance of the normal water micro-ecosystem, it is not easy to correct it. The aquaculture process itself is a process that destroys the microecological balance of the original waters. It is impossible and unnecessary to emphasize one-sidedly to provide the natural ecological environment in which the cultured animals were originally located. Drugs are a means to adjust the microecological balance, but they can also lead to serious misalignment of microecological systems, especially the abuse of drugs. Microecological preparations have the following functions: 1 Rapid decomposition of harmful substances in water bodies. 2 produce a variety of enzymes and nutrients, secrete active substances, with antioxidant effect. 3 Adjust, maintain and improve the in vivo and in vitro environment of aquatic animals. 4 anti-antagonism and protection. 5 Enhance the immunity of aquatic animals. In 2002, we applied a probiotic preparation (commercially known as Cultivated Pod) in the river crab breeding base of Liulang Township, Penghu County, and applied the test in the crab breeding industry, receiving good results. The test results show that the application of cultured treasure has little effect on the PH value of pool water. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the test group before and after administration of cultured treasure was between 5.36 mg/L and 6.34 mg/L. With the passage of culture time, the dissolved oxygen in the control group showed a decreasing trend. The dissolved oxygen status of the experimental group was significantly improved, with an average increase rate of 21.3%. The chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and sulphide in the pool water of the control group all showed a significant upward trend with the passage of culture time, while the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and sulfide of the pool water in the test group were significantly increased. The average decline rate was 33.5%, 27.1%, 36.4% and 46.9% respectively. As a result of the application of Aquaculture Po, there is a significant improvement in the environment of pool water, which effectively improves the breeding effect. In terms of disease prevention, the experimental group did not use any disinfectants and drugs during the entire breeding process, nor did it find that the crab died due to illness. The average aquaculture survival rate of the experimental group was 77.9%. In the control group, the use of disinfectants and drugs was routinely caused, and the death from illness was still serious. The survival rate of culture was only 60.6%. Applying cultured treasures not only improves the specifications of crabs and sports, but also can effectively increase the population's output. The experimental group had an average breeding size of 145 grams and the control group had 128 grams. The output of the test group was 52.4 kg per 667 m2, and only 39.9 kg in the control group. two. Non-pollution aquatic product detection technology Strengthen the publicity and education on laws, regulations and standards related to the quality and safety of pollution-free aquatic products. Government work attaches great importance to food safety. Director Yang Jian of the Bureau of Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture clearly pointed out at the fishery professional meeting of the National Agriculture Working Conference at the beginning of the year that the quality and safety management of aquatic products should be highly valued. , Continuously enhance the market competitiveness of aquatic products. The provinces, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the country have also formulated a number of local standards for pollution-free aquatic products. The provincial and municipal aquatic product quality inspection centers of the relevant industrial standards and national standards have also been established and started operations. Consumers are also extremely concerned about food safety. The key issue is that producers are still insufficiently paying attention to food safety to a certain extent. This requires us to strengthen the publicity and education on relevant laws, regulations and standards in our work. 2. Accelerate the establishment of a quality and safety assurance system for aquatic products and increase the monitoring of drug residues. At present, China's aquatic product quality inspection agency has just been established, and equipment personnel are still planning. The various technical standards for aquatic product safety have not yet been fully introduced. What is even more important is that the importance of the safety of aquatic foodstuffs for aquaculture workers is not yet fully understood. The measures taken in the environment, breeding technology, processing, marketing and other aspects are still very ineffective. At present, China's introduction of pollution-free aquatic products standards is basically composed of two aspects, namely, aquaculture specifications and product testing, and the monitoring process in the production process has yet to be improved. Secondly, in the process of post-harvest preservation of aquatic products, processing, transport, and sales operations, unsafe factors, due to technical, equipment, etc., caused the aquatic products to be frozen and kept fresh in time, resulting in some aquatic products under the influence of bacteria in vivo and in vitro. , Decayed and spoiled; In the process of packaging, processing, storage and transportation, it does not strictly follow the technical operating rules, improper use of disinfectant packaging materials, resulting in secondary pollution of the original qualified aquatic products, affecting the food safety of aquatic products . With regard to the HACCP quality management system, people are still generally unfamiliar with the HACCP management system. The HACCP quality management system was designed to ensure the astronauts' dietary safety and ensure their execution of space missions as early as the end of the 1960s. A new set of quality management system was designed during the production of aerospace foods. HACCP stands for "Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point" and means hazard analysis and critical control points. HACCP refers to the determination of potential hazards from each stage of a series of processes from raw materials, production processes, finished products and sales markets, and takes effective preventive measures to specify critical thresholds for timely control and correction. This is HACCP. system. At present, most of the advanced countries have begun to promote the HACCP system for aquatic products and livestock products, and have successively legalized them. The UN Food Standards Commission also implements the HACCP system as a food-related worldwide guideline. China's National Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau organizes and implements the HACCP management plan. 3. The quality inspection of pollution-free aquatic products The quality inspection of non-pollution aquatic products mainly includes two parts, namely, the limit of fishery drug residues and the limit of toxic and hazardous substances in the products. On September 3, 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture issued NY5070-2001 "Restrictions on residues of fishery medicines in pollution-free food and aquatic products" and NY5073-2001 "Limits for toxic and hazardous substances in non-environmental food and aquatic products". The NY5070-2001 standard specifies the maximum limit of 27 kinds of fishery drugs in aquatic products, method detection limits, various drug residue detection methods, sampling methods, batch rules, sample preparation and determination rules. In the standard of NY5073-2001, the 17 toxic and hazardous substances in aquatic products are restricted, specific detection methods for various toxic and hazardous substances, sampling methods, batch rules, sample preparation, required reagents and instruments, and determination rules In practice, it can be implemented. 4. Common and individual issues must be pointed out that the above-mentioned production and safety management of pollution-free aquatic products are the common problems of pollution-free aquatic products. Specific to a product has its own unique personality. The Ministry of Agriculture has also issued a number of standards for specific pollution-free aquatic products. For example, NY5064-2001 “Evlutionless food Chinese mitten crab†standard regulates the indexes and detection methods of unpolluted Chinese mitten crabs. The NY/T5065-2001 "Technical Code for the Cultivation of Chinese Eriocheir sinensis, Pollution-free Food" stipulates the technical specifications for the production of pollution-free Chinese mitten crabs. Therefore, we must understand not only commonality but also individuality in practice.
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