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High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Maize in Dryland
Among the 300 million mu of corn in China, 2/3 of the dry maize is distributed on the semi-arid and semi-humid and drought-prone areas from the northeast to the southwest, the hilly dry land, and the plain dry land without irrigation conditions. Keeping the water in the sky, keeping the earth in the earth, economically and effectively increasing the water use efficiency is the key to the increase of corn production in dry farming. For a long time, modern science and technology have been combined with traditional fine agronomic research to sum up the comprehensive cultivation techniques of maize dry cultivation. (1) Selecting drought-resistant varieties and drought-resistant drought-resistant varieties have the morphological characteristics suitable for arid environments. For example, large seeds, strong root elongation, can be properly sowed; roots developed, rapid growth, deep into the soil, root to crown ratio, can use the deep soil moisture; leaf blade long, small leaf cells, dense veins, surface hair more Thick cuticle. The cytoplasmic virulence of the maize drought-resistant cultivars was very viscous, and the loss of water was low when drought occurred. Under drought conditions, the stomata could continue to open and maintain a certain level of photosynthesis. Before the seeding of corn, drought-proofing of seed is mainly used to treat the seed with dry and wet circulation method and improve drought resistance. The method is to soak the corn seeds in water at a temperature of 20-25[deg.] C. for two days and nights, remove them and let them soak. After the drought-resistant seed, the roots grow fast, the seedlings are short, the leaves are widened, and the water content is high. Generally, the yield can be increased by 10%. In addition, you can also use the agent soaking method, with calcium chloride 1 kg plus 100 kg of water, soaking (or boring) 500 kg, 5 to 6 hours to sow; soaking with succinic acid solution 12 to 24 hours, so that the corn sucking Water drying after sowing; or soaking with 20 ~ 40ppm naphthalene acetic acid, drought resistant seedlings of corn also has a good effect. (2) The proper sowing time, the characteristics of the water requirement for the middle-cultivation and conservation of corn are less in the early period and more in the later period, and only 15% of the total amount of water needed for the life from sowing to jointing. From jointing to heading, it accounts for more than 40%. Rainfall in early cropping areas is generally concentrated from June to August. Therefore, using the characteristics of drought tolerance at the seedling stage of maize, the maize seedling stage is arranged before the onset of the rainy season. For example, in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the spring corn often encounters the drought of the card neck, and the summer corn is vulnerable to the seedling stage. The wheat is interplanted and the corn is sown in the wheat ridge in advance so that the water requirement of the corn is consistent with natural precipitation. When corn encounters drought when planting, in the dry soil layer more than 6 centimeters, the bottom of the better land plots, should be taken to lift the lotus, or sowing and pod cultivation. During the maize growing period, the important measure is to loosen the topsoil and reduce evaporation, especially after the rain, in order to protect the crops. (3) Fertilize the soil, increase the organic fertilizer with fertilizers, improve the physical properties, exert the ability to store water, retain water, and supply water, and increase the drought resistance of the corn. According to the experiment, the root system of maize in high-fertilizer land is 3 meters thicker than that in low-fertilizer land. It can use 60 millimeters of water, which is equivalent to about 1/4 of the total water consumption in the whole growing period of corn. This is called fertilizer transfer. The reason is that the fertilizer land extends the root system of the maize to the deep layer of the soil and improves the ability of water absorption and drought resistance. Another important experience for dry-land corn is to increase chemical fertilizers, increase the amount of straw and roots to return fertilizer, promote organic growth by inorganic use, insert green manure and legume crops in the rotation system, fertilize land to cultivate fields, and increase the use of soil moisture. rate. (D) covered with straw, deep-seated water corn covering the surface of wheat straw, wheat bran or other substances, can reduce the evaporation of ground water, surface runoff when intercepted rainfall, increase soil moisture. According to the trial in Hengshui, Hebei Province, in early July, 250-500 kilograms of wheat straw was covered between rows of corn, and 0-20 cm of soil moisture was planted before wheat was sown, which covered an area of ​​4.6% more than exposed land. With the increase of wheat straw coverage, the ability to store and retain water increases. Covering wheat straw not only increases the amount of water stored in the soil surface, but also stores 9.0 cubic meters of water per acre in 30 centimeters of soil and 21.8 cubic meters of water in one meter of soil per acre. There are two ways to cover the wheat straw in corn fields: one is to cover the summer corn after sowing. For example, in Tengxian County of Shandong Province, 150 to 300 kg wheat straw or wheat bran is laid between rows per mu before jointing of corn. After corn is harvested, corn stubble and corn straw are twisted and ploughed with a disc harrow or a rotary plough. The second is to leave sorghum 15-20 centimeters at the time of wheat harvesting, sticking pods to sow corn, and after the emergence of corn, cultivating and killing 1-2 times, the root pods can be scattered on the soil surface. The third is to crush the straw during the harvest of spring corn and cover the surface for winter. Covering straw should also be applied with nitrogenous fertilizers, as well as the control of underground pests. (5) Chemical preparations, heat preservation chemicals, drought resistance preparations applied in agriculture, can inhibit soil evaporation and leaf transpiration, and have significant effects of increasing temperature and keeping moisture. 1. Water retaining agent. Water-retaining agent, also known as water-absorbing agent, is a new functional polymer material that can absorb and maintain its own weight of 400 to 1000 times and up to 5,000 times its moisture. The water retaining agent has the ability to uniformly and slowly release water, which can regulate the soil moisture content and act as a "soil reservoir". The water-retaining agent can be used for seed coating, coating, root treatment, etc. According to the test, the water retaining agent (concentration of 1 ~ 1.5%) to the corn coating or coating, 2 to 3 days in advance emergence, emergence rate than the control 6.1% higher, corn production increased 8.5%. When sowing corn, 500 grams of water-retaining agent was applied per acre within the hole, which has a good effect on corn emergence and late growth. 2. Drought agent. Anti-drought agent is a kind of natural humic acid extracted from weathered coal, containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements. It is a kind of anti-transpiration inhibitor that regulates plant growth type. The main role is: (1) reduce the plant stomatal opening, slow evaporation. The time for continuous micropore closure caused by spraying once can reach 12 days, reducing the transpiration intensity and increasing the soil moisture content. (2) Improve the water status of plants and promote the process of ear differentiation. (3) Increasing chlorophyll content of leaves is conducive to normal photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation. (4) Improve root vitality and prevent premature aging. With 50 grams of drought-resistant agent per acre and 10 kilograms of water, evenly spraying leaves in the booting stage of corn can make the leaves dark green, leaf surface stretch, grain weight increased, and the yield increase per acre of 7.1 to 14.8%. 3. Warming agent. The warming agent belongs to the agricultural chemical covering and is a long carbon bond film forming material for the polymer. Sprayed on the surface of the soil, a layer of continuous and uniform film is formed after drying to seal the soil. The main role is: (1) increase soil temperature, inhibit evaporation of water, reduce heat consumption, and relatively increase the temperature. (2) Maintain soil moisture. The inhibition rate of evaporation in Daejeon can reach 60-80%, and soil moisture in 0-15cm soil is 19.3% higher than that in the control field. (3) Promote the soil to form granule structure. (4) Reduce soil erosion. After the temperature-increasing agent is sprayed on the soil surface, the stability of the soil layer is increased, the wind and soil can be prevented, the erosion can be reduced, and the effect of maintaining the water and suppressing the rise of salt can be obviously achieved.
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