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Direct analysis of 17 PPT-grade perfluorinated compounds in water by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Introduction
Perfluoro compound (of PFCs) or perfluoroalkyl surfactant (PFAS) is a man-made chemicals, often used in the past half century surfactants, flame retardants, non-stick cookware coatings and coating the paper wrapper. 1, 2 Because of its low degradation, perfluorinated compounds have received a lot of attention in the past decade or so . Water, food and even the presence of perfluorinated compounds in human blood report raises concerns about perfluorinated compounds on human health risks. 3-6 Therefore, the analysis of biological and environmental matrix perfluoroalkyl surfactants is critical to understanding their ultimate fate, persistence and toxicity.
Most studies, the most commonly present in the environment both perfluoroalkyl surfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (of PFOA), both a perfluoroalkyl group of several commercial surfactants The final degradation product of the agent. 7 Furthermore, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (of PFOA) is the most mass-produced two perfluoroalkyl surfactant. 8,9 The US Environmental Protection Agency issued a health limit for drinking water for perfluorooctanoic acid and PFOS of 70 ng / L. 10 In addition, a perfluoroalkyl surface active agent yl European Commission proposal was recently introduced class of a single active agent is a perfluoroalkyl group content license surface 100 ng / L, the total perfluoroalkyl surfactant content license 500 is satisfied G / L. 11 However, the concentration requirements in different regions are slightly different. For example, the Swedish National Food Administration recently drinking water perfluoroalkyl total surfactant content of a predetermined license 90 ng / l conservative "Control threshold limits." 12 Existing perfluoroalkyl surfactant detection techniques include gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( GC/MS ), nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ), and tandem liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry ( LC/MS/MS ). Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( GC/MS ) analysis of perfluorosulfonyl compounds requires derivatization prior to measurement, which limits the function of environmental monitoring. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) specific for the fluorine compound is excellent in the detection, structural characterization and power factor correction (PFC) applied to environmental samples. However, these detection methods have the disadvantage of low sensitivity . Series liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) has a high selectivity and sensitivity, therefore, it is the most commonly used measuring method of analysis table perfluoroalkyl surfactant content of biological and environmental samples surface. 13
Liquid chromatography - solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure is to extract embodiment a perfluoroalkyl-based surface active agent from an aqueous environment of the matrix prior to mass / mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) analysis of the most commonly used methods. 14 In this study, we developed an LC/MS/MS direct injection method that showed that this simple LC/MS/MS workflow provides extreme analysis of drinking water and surface water perfluoroalkyl surfactants. Good sensitivity and specificity.
experiment
software and hardware
Chromatography was performed using a PerkinElmer Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( UHPLC ) system and detected using a PerkinElmer QSight® 220 Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. The QSight® 220 mass spectrometer is equipped with an electrospray ionization source ( ESI ) and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ( APCI ) ion source. All instrument control, data acquisition and data processing are performed using SimplicityTM 3Q software.
method
Standard and sample preparation
Water samples including some domestic water and nearby surface water were obtained locally in Ontario, Canada . The standard and internal standard ( IS ) of the perfluoroalkyl surfactant mixture for analysis was added from Wellington Laboratories (Quelf, Ontario). LC / MS grade water quality of water purchased from Thermo Fisher (Massachusetts). The stock solution was serially diluted by LC / MS grade water, preparing 0.5 - 2000 ng / L (ppt) of the calibration solution. First, the water sample through a nylon 0.45 μ m filters and centrifuged, and then 50 μ L supernatant is injected directly into PerkinElmer ™ SPP C18 (100 x 2.1 mm , 2.7 μ m) reversed phase analytical column Perform further analysis. To examine the memory effect, an LC/MS grade blank aqueous solution was used as a blank sample.
Liquid chromatography conditions and mass spectrometry parameter settings
The liquid chromatography conditions are shown in Table 1 . First, 95% mobile phase A at 1.0 mL / min samples were rinsed for 1 minute, then gradually increase to 98% mobile phase B, flow rate 0.5 mL / min target analytes eluted all, the total operation time of about 18 minutes, see Table 2 .
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